English Phonetics and Phonology

Prefaces to the First Edition ix Preface to the Second Edition xiii Preface to the Third Edition xv Acknowledgements xvii List of Sound Recordings xix About the Companion Website xxiii Figure 1 The organs of speech xxiv Figure 2 The International Phonetic Alphabet xxv 1 English Phonetics: Consonants (i) 1 1.1 Airstream and Articulation 1 1.2 Place of Articulation 2 1.3 Manner of Articulation: Stops, Fricatives and Approximants 5 2 English Phonetics: Consonants (ii) 11 2.1 Central vs Lateral 11 2.2 Taps and Trills 11 2.3 Secondary Articulation 12 2.4 Affricates 12 2.5 Aspiration 13 2.6 Nasal Stops 13 3 English Phonetics: Vowels (i) 17 3.1 The Primary Cardinal Vowels 17 3.2 RP and GA Short Vowels 19 4 English Phonetics: Vowels (ii) 23 4.1 RP and GA Long Vowels 23 4.2 RP and GA Diphthongs 24 5 The Phonemic Principle 29 5.1 Introduction: Linguistic Knowledge 29 5.2 Contrast vs Predictability: The Phoneme 30 5.3 Phonemes, Allophones and Contexts 37 5.4 Summing Up 38 6 English Phonemes 43 6.1 English Consonant Phonemes 43 6.2 The Phonological Form of Morphemes 45 6.3 English Vowel Phonemes 49 7 English Syllable Structure 55 7.1 Introduction 55 7.2 Constituency in Syllable Structure 55 7.3 The Sonority Hierarchy, Maximal Onset and Syllable Weight 59 7.4 Language-Specific Phonotactics 63 7.5 Syllabic Consonants and Phonotactics 64 7.6 Syllable-Based Generalizations 65 7.7 Morphological Structure, Syllable Structure and Resyllabification 66 7.8 Summing Up 69 8 Rhythm and Word Stress in English 71 8.1 The Rhythm of English 71 8.2 English Word Stress: Is it Entirely Random? 72 8.3 English Word Stress: Some General Principles 75 8.4 Word Stress Assignment in Morphologically Simple Words 76 8.5 Word Stress Assignment and Morphological Structure 80 8.6 Compound Words 85 8.7 Summing Up 87 9 Rhythm, Reversal and Reduction 91 9.1 More on the Trochaic Metrical Foot 91 9.2 Representing Metrical Structure 94 9.3 Phonological Generalizations and Foot Structure 98 9.4 The Rhythm of

PHILIP CARR is Emeritus Professor at Montpellier University, France. He is the author of Phonology (1993), A Glossary of Phonology (2008), and Linguistic Realities (1990), editor of Phonological Knowledge: Conceptual and Empirical Issues (2001) and Headhood, Elements, Specification and Contrastivity (2005). With Jacques Durand, he co-founded the project The Phonology of Contemporary English.