From Conflict to Peace. Rehabilitation Process in the Phase of Transforming Conflict - The Case of Northern Ireland
(Sprache: Englisch)
The problem of Northern Ireland is a struggle for sharing power between the Catholics and the Protestants. The structural and basic reasons of the problem have played a very important role in the evolution of it towards civil war. The most important basic...
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The problem of Northern Ireland is a struggle for sharing power between the Catholics and the Protestants. The structural and basic reasons of the problem have played a very important role in the evolution of it towards civil war. The most important basic reason underlying it is mutual "distrust" between parties in Northern Ireland. On this regard, some necessary steps are to be taken for the stability of the peaceful environment established after the conflict. The normalization of the society and the making of the relations between groups transparent, constitute the "rehabilitation" process itself. Rehabilitation process ensures the continuation of confidence building in schools, helps with the matter of winning future generations, and also plays an important role in ensuring confidence building in institutions.In sum the subject of this study is addressing the contributions of the rehabilitation as the protection of peace, to the social reconciliation process as formed by the societies living in Northern Ireland; and its continuation by discussing the rehabilitation process with reference to the example of Northern Ireland in the phase of transforming conflict. One of the main research questions of this study is to present the contribution of the rehabilitation process on peace within the context of conflict administration. In the first part of this book, the stage of rehabilitation in the development process of conflict administration is discussed. In the second part of this book, the structural reasons of conflict will be approached and Belfast Agreement, which can be described as a reconciliation document of parties, will be analysed. The third part is focused on how the results of the application of rehabilitation activities that are foreseen in the in the process of transforming the problem of Northern Ireland are obtained.
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Textprobe:2.2, Years of Nuisance in Northern Ireland:
Sinn Fein gained 124 seats of the total of 128 in the assembly in the first elections that were held in Free Ireland after 1920. As for Northern Ireland, it can be stated that Catholics were represented with limited number of members of parliament. The first parliamentary elections of Northern Ireland resulted via a Proportional Representation (PR) system. This election system was abolished later on in 1929. The lifting of the PR system resulted in negative consequences with regards to the minority party. It became harder for the minority party to have representatives in the new system. The elections held in 1921 in Northern Ireland was won by Unionists by gaining 66,9% of the votes. With this percentage they gained, Unionists Gained 40 seats in the 52 seated parliament. Consequently, Unionists gained a great advantage. As for Sinn Fein, it gained 5 seats by gaining 20,5% of the votes. It can be stated that the injustice in the election system reflected this way on numbers: By gaining 11,8% of the votes, Protestant Nationalists had more representatives than Sinn Fein, which gained 6.
The Northern Ireland Government was given certain special authorities between the years 1920-1972 under the sovereignty of United Kingdom. As United Kingdom stated in the Anglo-Irish Peace Conference, Northern Ireland had six states. The remaining 26 states formed the Southern Ireland, i.e., the Republican Ireland today. As a result of Free Ireland being allowed to emerge as an independent state in 1920, the foundation of Ireland took place between 1921 and 1925. IRA playing an active role in the independence war of the South put IRA forward. 752 members of IRA died during the conflicts between the years 1919-1921.
Protestants were against the "Home Rule" law as they were concerned that they would have second rate citizenships. However, with the Northern Ireland remaining within the United Kingdom, one can argue that Northern
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Ireland was pushed outside of the political system since the beginning of Catholic minority process. It was precluded or forbidden for Catholic social leaders to be included within the political system of Northern Ireland.
Political steps that consolidated the sovereignty of Protestants in Northern Ireland were taken via elections. Republicans advocated six states including Ulster to be integrated with Free Ireland. As for Loyalists of Unionists, they defended Northern Ireland to remain a part of United Kingdom. According to the election results in 1925, Unionists gained 32 seats by gaining 55% of the votes. Sinn Fein/Republicans gained 2 seats with 5,4% of the votes. Nationalists gained 10 seats with 23,8% of the votes. While Protestant Nationalists became stronger, Sinn Fein-Republicans became weaker according to election results of 1925.
Unionists increased their sovereignty in Northern Ireland with the PR system. It can be argued that this reflected to the numbers in this way: Unionists gained 37 seats by gaining 50,7% of the votes in the 52 seated parliament in the 1929 elections. Nationalists gained 11 seats with 13% of the votes. Republicans were unable to have representations.
Elections of 1933 turned into a formality, with the Unionists becoming a single-party thanks to the advantage the election system gave to them. Protestants who gained the supremacy in the parliament attained great advantages on social status. Since Protestants had good positions in highly esteemed jobs with regards to social status, Catholics were pushed outside of the system. New election system made cheating in elections easier in election areas. Indeed, while Protestant parties became stronger with the new election system, Catholic Republicans were prevented from procuring delegates. In other words, it can be stated that the new election system eliminated the representation ability of minorities. The most important development in this process is Sinn Fein to come into power under t
Political steps that consolidated the sovereignty of Protestants in Northern Ireland were taken via elections. Republicans advocated six states including Ulster to be integrated with Free Ireland. As for Loyalists of Unionists, they defended Northern Ireland to remain a part of United Kingdom. According to the election results in 1925, Unionists gained 32 seats by gaining 55% of the votes. Sinn Fein/Republicans gained 2 seats with 5,4% of the votes. Nationalists gained 10 seats with 23,8% of the votes. While Protestant Nationalists became stronger, Sinn Fein-Republicans became weaker according to election results of 1925.
Unionists increased their sovereignty in Northern Ireland with the PR system. It can be argued that this reflected to the numbers in this way: Unionists gained 37 seats by gaining 50,7% of the votes in the 52 seated parliament in the 1929 elections. Nationalists gained 11 seats with 13% of the votes. Republicans were unable to have representations.
Elections of 1933 turned into a formality, with the Unionists becoming a single-party thanks to the advantage the election system gave to them. Protestants who gained the supremacy in the parliament attained great advantages on social status. Since Protestants had good positions in highly esteemed jobs with regards to social status, Catholics were pushed outside of the system. New election system made cheating in elections easier in election areas. Indeed, while Protestant parties became stronger with the new election system, Catholic Republicans were prevented from procuring delegates. In other words, it can be stated that the new election system eliminated the representation ability of minorities. The most important development in this process is Sinn Fein to come into power under t
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Bibliographische Angaben
- Autor: Yusuf Cinar
- 2018, 244 Seiten, Maße: 15,5 x 22 cm, Kartoniert (TB), Englisch
- Verlag: Anchor Academic Publishing
- ISBN-10: 3960672187
- ISBN-13: 9783960672180
Sprache:
Englisch
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