Membrane Bioenergetics

1 Introduction.- 1.1 A "Biology Building" and the Place of Bioenergetics.- 1.2 Essential Definitions.- 1.3 ??¯H, ?p, ??¯Na and ?s.- 1.4 Adenosine Triphosphate.- 1.5 Membrane Lipids.- 1.6 Lipid Bilayer.- 1.7 Membrane Proteins.- 2 Specific Methods of Membrane Bioenergetics.- 2.1 Membrane Potential Measurement.- 2.2 ?pH Measurement.- 2.3 Measurement of Fast H+ Dissociation-Association.- 3 Primary ??¯H Generators.- 3.1 The Cyclic Photoredox Chain of Purple Bacteria.- 3.2 The Non-Cyclic Photoredox Chain of Green Bacteria.- 3.3 The Non-Cyclic Photoredox Chain of Chloroplasts and Cyanobacteria.- 3.4 The Respiratory Chain.- 3.5 Bacteriorhodopsin.- 3.6 Primary ??¯H Generators: Overview.- 4 Secondary ??¯H Generators: H+-ATPases.- 4.1 Definition and Classification.- 4.2 H+-ATPasesof Obligate Anaerobic Bacteria.- 4.3 H+-ATPase of the Plant and Fungal Outer Cell Membrane.- 4.4 H+-ATPase of Tonoplast.- 4.5 Non-Mitochondrial H+-ATPase in Animal Cells.- 4.6 Interrelation of Various Functions of H+-ATPase.- 5 ??¯H Consumers.- 5.1 ??¯H-Driven Chemical Work.- 5.2 ??¯H-Driven Osmotic Work.- 5.3 ??¯H-Driven Mechanical Work: Bacterial Motility.- 5.4 ??¯H as an Energy Source for Heat Production.- 6 ??¯H Regulation, Transmission and Buffering.- 6.1 Regulation of ??¯H.- 6.2 ??¯H Transmission.- 6.3 ??¯H Buffering.- 7 The Sodium World.- 7.1 ??¯Na Generators.- 7.2 Utilization of ??¯Na Produced by Primary ??¯Na Generators.- 7.3 How Often is the Na+ Cycle Used by Living Cells?.- 7.4 Probable Evolutionary Relationships of the Protonic and Sodium Worlds.- 7.5 Na+/H+ Antiport in the Animal Cell: H+ as a Secondary Messenger.- 7.6 A General Scheme of Interrelations of Protonic and Sodium Cycles.- 7.7 Membrane-Linked Energy Transductions whenNeither H+ nor Na+ is Involved.- 8 Membrane Bioenergetics Studies: An Outlook.- 8.1 Some Prospects for Fundamental Research.- 8.2 Towards Applied Membrane Bioenergetics.- 9 Membrane Bioenergetics: A Look into History.- 9.1 The First Ideas and Observations.