Motile Muscle and Cell Models

I. The Concept of Cell Model. The General Characteristics of Models, Principles of Their Preparation, and Their Sphere of Applicability.- II. Properties of Various Motile Models.- 1. Contraction evoked by ATP.- 2. Lengthening induced by ATP.- 3. Movements composed of a single combination of ATP-induced contraction and relaxation.- 4. Contraction induced by calcium ions and lengthening induced by ATP.- 5. Lengthening induced by calcium ions and inhibited by ATP.- 6. ATP and cytoplasmic streams in plant cells.- 7. Rhythmic movement of flagella and cilia.- III. The Use of Motile Models to Study Problems of a Nonmechanochemical Nature.- IV. Methods of Obtaining Motile Models.- Preliminary remarks.- Actomyosin threads.- Models of the muscle fiber.- Isolated myofibrils.- The muscle fiber without its sarcolemma.- Muscle fiber with disrupted coupling in the sarcotubular system.- Preparation of isolated protofibrils.- Preparation of isolated sarcolemma suspension.- Preparation of relaxing granules from skeletal muscles.- Cell (interphase) models becoming rounded in the presence of ATP.- Anaphase models of fibroblasts.- Models of cleavage in the sea urchin egg.- Telephase models of fibroblasts.- Models of mitochondria.- Models of chloroplasts.- Models of locust and frog spermatozoa.- Models of mammalian spermatozoa.- Models of spermatozoa of certain marine invertebrates.- Models of ciliated epithelium.- Models of the Vorticella stalk.- Model cilia from infusorians.- Models of flagella of unicellular algae.- Models of flagella from protozoans.- Models of amebas.- Protoplasmic streaming models in the marine alga Acetabularia calyculus.- Models of the myxomycete Plasmodium.- The use of models for practical work with students.- ATP and muscle contraction.- ATP and ciliary movement.-Notes Added in Proof.- Surveys.- Experimental papers.